Abstract
Conventional Hajj manasik training largely relies on lectures and printed manuals, which often fail to convey the spatial complexity and procedural depth of pilgrimage rituals such as Tawaf, Sa’i, and Wukuf. While several digital applications have been developed to address this limitation, existing tools typically cover only a single ritual and lack grounding in a recognised religious guidance framework. This study develops and evaluates VREduHaji, an immersive virtual reality application that integrates three core Hajj rituals (Tawaf, Sa’i, and Wukuf) within a unified platform guided by Muhammadiyah’s official pilgrimage instructions. The application was developed using the 4D model (Define, Design, Develop, Disseminate) and built with Blender and Unity 3D for deployment on the Oculus Quest 2 headset. Evaluation employed a four-tier protocol: black-box functional testing, expert media validation using a Likert scale and Aiken’s V coefficient, expert content validation by Islamic studies lecturers, and usability testing via the System Usability Scale involving 40 university students. Black-box testing confirmed 100% functional success across all modules. Expert media validation yielded mean Likert scores of at least 88% with Aiken’s V of at least 0.858, and content validation produced scores of at least 93% with Aiken’s V of at least 0.86; both were rated highly feasible. The aggregated SUS score was 68.1, meeting the acceptable usability threshold. VREduHaji is technically sound, content-valid, and usable as an immersive manasik learning tool. It offers a religiously grounded and experiential alternative to conventional Hajj preparation.